Promissory Notes in Australia: 2025 Rules, Uses, and Financial Impact

In a world where cash flow is king and access to credit is constantly evolving, promissory notes remain one of the most versatile, underappreciated financial instruments in Australia. Whether you’re running a business, investing, or managing personal finances, understanding how promissory notes function—and the 2025 regulatory updates—can give you a critical edge.

What Is a Promissory Note and Why Does It Matter?

A promissory note is a legal instrument that contains a written promise by one party (the maker or issuer) to pay a definite sum of money to another (the payee) either on demand or at a specified future date. Unlike traditional loans that involve complex agreements and regulatory oversight, promissory notes are often simple, straightforward contracts used for a variety of purposes:

• Business-to-business lending: Companies issue notes to raise short-term capital or settle trade debts.

• Personal loans: Family members or friends formalise a loan with a promissory note to clarify terms and avoid disputes.

• Investment vehicles: Some property developers and startups use promissory notes to attract private investment outside mainstream banking.

In 2025, with banks tightening unsecured lending and more fintech platforms emerging, the role of promissory notes is expanding into new territory—especially for SMEs and alternative finance seekers.

2025 Regulatory Updates: What’s Changed?

Australian financial regulators have responded to the surge in alternative lending with several key updates affecting promissory notes in 2025:

• Digital Execution and E-Signatures: Amendments to the Electronic Transactions Act now explicitly recognise digital promissory notes as legally binding, provided identity verification and consent protocols are met.

• Disclosure Requirements: The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) has introduced new disclosure rules for notes offered to more than 20 investors in a rolling 12-month period, to curb unlicensed fundraising and protect retail investors.

• Tax Treatment: The ATO clarified in 2025 that interest income from promissory notes is taxed as ordinary income, and capital gains rules may apply to discounted notes sold on the secondary market.

These changes aim to balance innovation with investor protection, making promissory notes more accessible—yet also more transparent—than ever before.

Real-World Use Cases: Who’s Using Promissory Notes in 2025?

Promissory notes aren’t just for high-flying corporates. Across Australia in 2025, you’ll find them in diverse scenarios:

• Small Businesses: A Brisbane wholesaler, unable to secure a traditional bank overdraft, raises $150,000 through a series of promissory notes issued to local investors. Each note has a 6-month term and a 9% interest rate, with the notes digitally executed and registered.

• Property Developers: Sydney-based developers are offering short-term promissory notes to investors as a way to bridge finance between project stages, often with a fixed return and clear repayment schedule.

• Personal Lending: In an era of rising interest rates, individuals are formalising family loans with promissory notes to protect both sides and clarify repayment expectations, especially when amounts exceed $10,000.

• Fintech Platforms: Several Australian fintechs now facilitate peer-to-peer lending via promissory notes, combining digital convenience with regulatory compliance.

While the appeal is clear, it’s crucial to understand the enforceability and risk. In the event of default, a promissory note gives the holder a clear legal pathway to recover the debt—often without the need for lengthy court proceedings.

Risks and Best Practices

Despite their simplicity, promissory notes come with risks:

• Counterparty Risk: The main risk is the ability and willingness of the issuer to repay on time. Conducting due diligence is essential.

• Enforcement Challenges: While enforceable, collecting on a defaulted note may involve legal costs and delays, especially if the issuer is insolvent.

• Regulatory Traps: Issuing notes to multiple investors without the right licensing can breach fundraising laws. Always check the latest ASIC guidance.

Best practices for 2025 include:

• Using digital platforms with secure identity checks and documentation trails.

• Ensuring all terms—amount, interest, repayment date, default clauses—are crystal clear.

• Registering the note where appropriate, especially for business or investment purposes.

Conclusion: Promissory Notes as a Flexible Finance Tool

Promissory notes have quietly become one of the most adaptable financial instruments in modern Australia, offering flexibility for businesses, investors, and individuals alike. With 2025’s regulatory clarity and digital execution options, they’re easier to use—and safer—than ever before. Whether you’re seeking capital, formalising a personal loan, or exploring alternative investments, understanding promissory notes could open doors to smarter, more efficient finance.