Narrow Money in Australia: The 2025 Impact of M1 on Your Finances

Australians are no strangers to financial jargon, but as the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) tightens its grip on monetary policy and digital wallets become the norm, ‘narrow money’ has emerged as a term worth knowing in 2025. What is it, and why is M1—Australia’s narrowest measure of money supply—at the centre of economic debates, interest rate moves, and digital banking innovations?

What is Narrow Money (M1), and Why Does It Matter?

Narrow money, often referred to as M1, includes the most liquid forms of money: physical cash in circulation and demand deposits (like money in your everyday transaction account). It’s the cash you can access instantly—think the balance in your debit account or the notes in your wallet, ready to spend at any moment.

• Cash and coins: All notes and coins circulating in the economy, not locked up in banks.

• Demand deposits: Money in your bank account that you can access immediately (no notice needed).

In 2025, as Australians increasingly shift to digital payments and tap-and-go dominates retail, the composition and significance of M1 is changing. The RBA’s March 2025 data shows that demand deposits now make up over 85% of M1, with physical cash use declining but still relevant for certain demographics and emergencies.

How Policy and Digital Trends Are Shaping Narrow Money

The RBA’s monetary policy in 2025 is laser-focused on inflation control. Interest rate rises over the past two years have had a direct impact on how banks manage reserves and how much money Australians keep in easily accessible accounts versus longer-term deposits. Here’s what’s happening:

• Interest rates and savings behaviour: With term deposit rates hitting 4.5% in early 2025, Aussies are shifting some cash out of transaction accounts and into higher-yielding products. This has caused M1 growth to slow, even as the broader money supply (like M3) continues to expand.

• Digital wallets and payment platforms: Services like PayID, Apple Pay, and Google Wallet now process over 60% of everyday retail transactions. While these platforms draw from demand deposits, the underlying narrow money definition remains unchanged—it’s about liquidity, not technology.

• Cash use and financial inclusion: While the move to digital is accelerating, RBA research in 2025 shows regional Australians and older demographics still rely on cash. The RBA’s commitment to maintaining cash infrastructure ensures M1 remains a relevant indicator of economic health.

Importantly, the government’s 2025 Digital Payments Security Act has further reinforced protections for digital deposits, blurring the lines between physical and digital narrow money—but not changing the fact that M1 is the foundation of day-to-day spending power.

Real-World Impact: What M1 Signals Mean for Households and Businesses

Why should you care about M1? Because it’s a leading indicator of economic sentiment and spending power. Here’s how it plays out in daily life:

• Consumer confidence: When households hold more in transaction accounts, it signals readiness to spend—retailers and service providers take note.

• Business cash flow: For SMEs, narrow money flows are a barometer of customer payment behaviour and liquidity in the system. A dip in M1 growth can foreshadow slower sales or tighter credit.

• Policy signals: The RBA tracks M1 to gauge the effectiveness of interest rate changes. A sharp drop in M1 growth may prompt further policy tweaks or warnings about recession risks.

Recent examples: In early 2025, a temporary spike in M1 followed the government’s one-off energy rebate, as millions of Aussies saw their bank balances swell overnight—prompting a surge in discretionary spending and a short-lived retail boom. Conversely, in April, M1 plateaued as households locked in more savings at higher rates, signalling caution amid persistent inflation concerns.

The Bottom Line: Why Narrow Money Still Matters in a Digital Age

Even as digital payments outpace cash, M1 remains a vital economic signal. For policymakers, banks, and everyday Australians, tracking narrow money helps decode spending trends, gauge inflation pressures, and anticipate economic turning points. In a world where money moves at the speed of an app, understanding the basics of M1 can give you an edge—whether you’re budgeting for the week or steering a business through uncertain times.