Unconventional Oil in Australia: 2025 Opportunities & Policy Trends

Australia’s energy sector is entering a new era, with unconventional oil taking centre stage in debates about resource security, investment, and climate impact. As 2025 unfolds, the landscape is shifting rapidly—thanks to new extraction technologies, evolving policy frameworks, and volatile global markets. For investors, policymakers, and everyday Australians, understanding unconventional oil is no longer optional—it’s essential.

What Is Unconventional Oil?

Unconventional oil refers to petroleum produced using techniques other than the traditional oil well method. This includes shale oil, oil sands, tight oil, and liquid hydrocarbons extracted via hydraulic fracturing or in situ conversion. Unlike conventional oil, these resources are typically trapped in impermeable rock or mixed with sand and clay, making extraction more complex and costly.

• Shale Oil: Extracted from shale rock using horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.
• Oil Sands: Bitumen-rich sands, requiring heat or solvents to separate oil from sand.
• Tight Oil: Found in low-permeability formations, requiring advanced drilling techniques.

Globally, unconventional oil has been a game-changer—especially in North America. But what about Australia?

Australia’s Unconventional Oil Potential and Projects

Australia’s geology is rich in unconventional resources, with major basins like the Cooper, Canning, and Perth Basins attracting exploration. Recent years have seen a surge in pilot projects and investment, despite environmental and economic hurdles.

• Cooper Basin (SA/QLD): Home to Australia’s most advanced shale oil pilots, with operators like Santos and Beach Energy trialling hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling since 2022.
• Canning Basin (WA): The focus of renewed interest in 2024-25, as government policy shifts open up exploration blocks and streamline environmental approvals.
• Perth Basin: Tight oil exploration here is being re-evaluated in the wake of higher global prices and improved recovery rates in 2024.

While commercial production remains limited, technological advances in multi-stage fracking and water recycling are improving project economics and environmental outcomes. The Australian Energy Regulator’s 2025 update highlights a modest uptick in unconventional oil output projections, signalling cautious optimism among stakeholders.

Policy Shifts and Climate Considerations in 2025

Policy is the wild card for unconventional oil in Australia. In 2025, several state governments have updated their frameworks to balance energy security with emissions targets:

• NSW: Maintained moratoriums on unconventional oil extraction near sensitive water catchments.
• WA and QLD: Introduced new royalty regimes and streamlined permitting for pilot projects, aiming to attract foreign investment while enforcing stricter methane emission controls.
• Federal Level: The 2025 National Energy Policy Review proposes a “transitional” approach—supporting unconventional oil to shore up domestic supply, but with clear 2035 emissions reduction milestones.

These policy shifts reflect growing pressure to reconcile resource development with Australia’s net-zero commitments. Investors are paying close attention to evolving environmental, social, and governance (ESG) expectations, with some super funds tightening lending criteria for unconventional oil ventures in 2025.

Risks, Rewards, and the Road Ahead

Unconventional oil projects are not for the faint-hearted. Key risks include:

• Commodity Price Volatility: Global oil prices remain unpredictable, with recent swings driven by geopolitics and OPEC+ supply decisions.
• Regulatory Uncertainty: Policy changes and potential carbon pricing add layers of risk for long-term investment.
• Community Opposition: Local pushback, especially around water use and land access, can delay or derail projects.

Yet, the rewards are real for those who navigate these challenges. New export opportunities—particularly to energy-hungry Asian markets—and advancements in cleaner extraction tech could make unconventional oil a valuable, if controversial, part of Australia’s energy transition.

In 2025, the sector’s fate will hinge on policy clarity, technological innovation, and the evolving expectations of investors and communities. As global demand shifts and Australia rethinks its energy mix, unconventional oil remains a wildcard worth watching.