Schedule 13D: Filing, Requirements & Example for 2025

Thinking of buying a big stake in a US-listed company? If you cross a certain threshold, you’ll need to file a Schedule 13D. For Australians investing abroad, understanding this critical disclosure can mean the difference between a smooth deal and regulatory headaches. Here’s how Schedule 13D works in 2025, with practical guidance for global investors.

What is Schedule 13D and Why Does It Matter?

Schedule 13D is an official filing with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) required when an individual or entity acquires more than 5% of a US public company’s outstanding shares. This rule aims to promote transparency and inform the market about potential shifts in corporate control.

• Threshold: More than 5% ownership of any class of a public company’s equity securities registered under Section 12 of the US Securities Exchange Act.
• Who Files: Individuals, companies, or groups acting together that reach the 5% threshold.
• Purpose: To disclose the identity of the buyer, their intentions (e.g., takeover, activism), and key details about the acquisition.

For Australians with exposure to US stocks—whether via direct share purchases, managed funds, or superannuation—Schedule 13D can come into play, especially with concentrated bets or activist strategies.

Filing Schedule 13D: Process and 2025 Regulatory Updates

In 2025, the SEC has refined its electronic filing requirements and reporting timelines for Schedule 13D, reflecting a push for real-time market transparency. Here’s what’s changed and how the process works:

• When to File: Within 5 calendar days of crossing the 5% threshold (shortened from 10 days as of March 2024).
• How to File: Electronically via the SEC’s EDGAR system, using the updated Schedule 13D form.
• What to Include:
  • Identity and background of the reporting person(s)
  • The amount and percentage of shares owned
  • The source of funds used for the purchase
  • Intentions regarding the company (e.g., plans to seek board seats, mergers, or asset sales)
  • Contracts, arrangements, or relationships with respect to securities of the issuer
• Amendments: Any material change (e.g., ownership increases or decreases of 1% or more, or shifts in intentions) must be reported promptly, generally within 2 business days in 2025.

Recent SEC enforcement has emphasised that incomplete or delayed filings can result in significant penalties, and for foreign investors, compliance is monitored just as closely as for US residents.

Real-World Example: Schedule 13D in Action

Imagine an Australian fund manager, Koala Capital, acquires a 6.2% stake in a US-listed renewable energy company, GreenFuture Inc. Here’s how the Schedule 13D process unfolds in 2025:

1. Triggering Event: Koala Capital’s purchase on 1 June 2025 pushes its holding above 5%.
2. Disclosure Deadline: By 6 June 2025, Koala Capital must file Schedule 13D via EDGAR.
3. Filing Contents: The filing lists Koala Capital’s directors, the number of shares held, the price paid, the source of funds (e.g., client assets), and notes that Koala Capital intends to engage with GreenFuture’s board about sustainability strategy.
4. Market Reaction: News outlets and analysts scan the filing, noting Koala Capital’s active intentions—potentially boosting GreenFuture’s share price as investors anticipate changes.
5. Subsequent Amendments: If Koala Capital increases its stake to 8% or launches a board campaign, it must file an amended Schedule 13D within 2 business days.

This process ensures transparency for other investors and the company itself, and it’s become a key tool in shareholder activism and M&A scenarios.

Key Takeaways and Practical Tips

• Stay Below 5% to Avoid Filing: For passive investors, keeping holdings just under the threshold is one way to avoid disclosure obligations.
• Plan for Tight Timelines: With stricter deadlines in 2025, investors must monitor their share accumulations closely and be ready to file quickly.
• Global Investors Are Not Exempt: Australian individuals and funds investing directly in US companies must comply—there are no carve-outs for international investors.
• Consult Local and US Legal Experts: Cross-border investments bring complex reporting. Engage compliance advisors familiar with both Australian and US securities law.

Schedule 13D is more than paperwork—it’s a key signal to the market and a potential catalyst for change within listed companies. For Australians playing on the US stage, understanding and acting on these requirements is essential for both compliance and strategic advantage.