Research & Development (R&D) Expenses in Australia: 2025 Policy & Innovation Guide

Australia’s future is being built in research labs, start-up offices, and the bustling R&D departments of established firms. As 2025 unfolds, research and development (R&D) expenses are more than a line item—they’re a driving force behind economic growth, competitive advantage, and breakthrough innovation. But what exactly counts as R&D, how do expenses stack up in the current climate, and what’s changed in government support for Aussie innovators?

Understanding R&D Expenses: More Than Just Lab Coats and Test Tubes

R&D expenses go far beyond scientific experiments or tech prototypes. For Australian businesses, qualifying R&D can include software development, process improvements, product design, and even advanced market testing. Eligible expenses typically cover:

• Wages and salaries for staff directly involved in R&D activities
• Contractor and consultant fees
• Materials and equipment used for experimentation
• Overheads directly attributable to R&D projects
• Costs of trials, pilot projects, and field testing

For example, a Queensland agritech company developing drought-resistant crops may claim R&D expenses for genetic research, field trial costs, and even data analytics for crop performance. Meanwhile, a fintech startup in Melbourne can include software coding, prototype testing, and cybersecurity development as eligible R&D.

R&D Tax Incentives in 2025: What’s New?

The Australian Government’s R&D Tax Incentive remains a cornerstone for supporting business innovation. However, 2025 brings several updates as part of the Federal Government’s push to sharpen Australia’s competitive edge:

• Revised Intensity Thresholds: Companies with turnover under $20 million continue to receive a refundable offset, but the rate now aligns with a sliding scale based on R&D intensity (the proportion of R&D spend to total expenses).
• Enhanced Non-Refundable Offset: Larger firms see greater benefits for higher R&D intensity, with the top tier now set at 46.5% for qualifying expenditure.
• New Compliance Requirements: The ATO and AusIndustry have tightened audit and substantiation standards. Digital recordkeeping and project tracking are now essential for claimants.

These changes aim to reward businesses that make R&D a core part of their operations, rather than a side project. The government’s 2025-2026 budget also includes an additional $300 million in funding to support collaborative R&D between universities and SMEs, further widening the net for eligible activities.

Real-World Impact: Why R&D Investment Matters Now

R&D spending isn’t just about tax breaks—it’s about future-proofing your business. Recent ABS data shows that firms investing in R&D are 2.5 times more likely to launch new products, and three times more likely to enter export markets. Consider these examples from 2025:

• MedTech Surge: Sydney-based biotech firms are leveraging R&D incentives to fast-track vaccine development and diagnostic tools, positioning Australia as a global health leader.
• Green Energy Innovation: Solar and hydrogen startups in South Australia are using R&D grants to commercialise breakthrough storage technologies, supporting the nation’s net-zero goals.
• Manufacturing Renaissance: Advanced manufacturing hubs in Victoria are expanding robotics and AI-driven production lines, with R&D spending at record highs.

The ripple effects are clear: more jobs, higher wages for skilled workers, and a stronger, more resilient economy.

Best Practices for Maximising R&D Claims

With increased scrutiny in 2025, businesses need to be proactive and strategic about their R&D expenditure. Here’s how to stay ahead:

• Document Everything: Maintain clear, contemporaneous records of project objectives, methodologies, staff involvement, and results.
• Stay Updated: Regularly review ATO guidance and seek expert advice to ensure your claims meet current definitions and standards.
• Leverage Collaborations: Partner with universities or research institutes to access additional grants and boost eligibility for new government programs.
• Assess R&D Intensity: Strategically plan your R&D spend relative to total business expenses to maximise available offsets under the new intensity-based system.

For ambitious Aussie companies, R&D investment is no longer optional—it’s essential to staying competitive, resilient, and relevant as technology and markets evolve.