Prime cost isn’t just accounting jargon—it’s a foundational number that shapes how Australian businesses set prices, manage cash flow, and navigate the latest tax changes. As we move further into 2025, understanding prime cost is more important than ever for business owners, managers, and anyone involved in financial decision-making.
What Exactly Is Prime Cost?
Prime cost refers to the direct costs incurred in producing goods or services—think of it as the sum of direct materials and direct labour. For manufacturers, that’s the raw materials and wages directly tied to production. For service businesses, it’s the staff costs and consumables directly used to deliver the service.
- Direct Materials: Raw inputs or components that become part of the final product.
- Direct Labour: Wages paid to employees who physically make the product or deliver the service.
Prime cost doesn’t include overheads like rent, admin salaries, or utilities—those are indirect costs and are tracked separately as part of your overall cost structure.
Why Prime Cost Matters More in 2025
The business landscape in Australia is shifting. Rising wage pressures, fluctuating commodity prices, and stricter ATO audit activity all mean that keeping a close eye on prime cost is essential. Here’s why:
- Tax Depreciation Rules: The ATO’s prime cost method (also called the straight-line method) remains a popular way to calculate depreciation for business assets. Under the simplified depreciation rules for small businesses (turnover under $10 million), assets first used or installed after 1 July 2023 are subject to updated write-off thresholds and rates in 2025.
- Margin Squeeze: With inflation still impacting input costs and customers looking for value, knowing your prime cost helps set sustainable prices and identify where efficiency gains are possible.
- ATO Audit Focus: The ATO continues to scrutinise business deductions and asset write-offs. Accurate calculation and documentation of prime costs can help businesses defend their tax positions.
Real-World Examples: Prime Cost in Action
Let’s break down how prime cost works in practice for different industries:
- Hospitality: For a Sydney café, prime cost is the sum of food and beverage ingredients plus the wages of kitchen and service staff. In 2025, many venues are using a target prime cost percentage (often 60-65% of sales) to stay profitable amid higher minimum wages and ingredient costs.
- Construction: A Melbourne builder includes timber, steel, and other materials, plus the wages of onsite tradies, in the prime cost. The new 2025 construction wage rates mean tighter project budgeting is crucial.
- Manufacturing: For a Brisbane furniture maker, it’s the hardwood, fabric, and direct labour to assemble a lounge. Keeping prime costs in check is key to competing with imports and managing supply chain disruptions.
How to Calculate and Use Prime Cost
Here’s a simple formula for prime cost:
Prime Cost = Direct Materials + Direct Labour
Tracking prime cost over time lets you:
- Spot supplier price increases early
- Negotiate better terms with vendors
- Optimise staffing rosters
- Set realistic selling prices and gross profit targets
In 2025, more Australian SMEs are adopting cloud accounting platforms that automate prime cost tracking and integrate with payroll and inventory systems—making this once tedious process much more accessible.
Prime Cost and the ATO: Depreciation Method Updates
Beyond day-to-day cost control, ‘prime cost’ is also the name of a depreciation method for business assets under ATO rules. The prime cost method spreads the cost of an asset evenly over its effective life. For assets first installed from 1 July 2023, the ATO has clarified effective life periods and updated the instant asset write-off thresholds, which are relevant for 2025 tax planning.
For example, if you buy a $20,000 machine with a five-year effective life, you can claim $4,000 per year as a deduction under the prime cost method (subject to the instant asset write-off cap for your business type).
Key Takeaways for Aussie Businesses
- Prime cost is the cornerstone of cost control, pricing, and tax compliance in 2025.
- Stay updated with ATO depreciation rules and wage rate changes to avoid surprises.
- Use technology to track and benchmark your prime costs against industry standards.
