Phillips Curve Australia 2025: Inflation, Unemployment & Policy Insights

For decades, the Phillips Curve has shaped how economists, policymakers, and central banks think about the relationship between unemployment and inflation. But in an era of supply shocks, global uncertainties, and shifting workforce dynamics, does this classic trade-off still hold?

What Is the Phillips Curve?

The Phillips Curve originated with New Zealand economist A.W. Phillips in 1958, who found an inverse relationship between unemployment and wage inflation in the UK. In simple terms: when unemployment falls, inflation tends to rise, and vice versa. The logic was that a tighter labour market gives workers more bargaining power, pushing up wages and, eventually, prices. Central banks, including the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), have used this framework to weigh up the risks of pushing unemployment too low at the cost of higher inflation.

For much of the 20th century, the Phillips Curve underpinned economic policy. But its apparent breakdown in the 1970s—when high unemployment and high inflation (stagflation) coexisted—led economists to question its reliability. Today, with Australia grappling with persistent inflation and historically low unemployment, the debate has reignited.

Australia’s 2025 Reality: Data, Policy, and Curve-Shifting Forces

In 2025, the Australian economy looks quite different from the world Phillips studied. The latest ABS figures show the unemployment rate hovering around 4.1%—still low by historical standards—while annual inflation remains above the RBA’s 2–3% target, recently sitting at 3.4% (Q1 2025). Yet, wage growth, while picking up, has not accelerated as sharply as the classic Phillips Curve would predict.

• Global Supply Shocks: Post-pandemic supply chain issues, energy price spikes, and geopolitical tensions have put upward pressure on prices, regardless of domestic employment levels.
• Labour Market Changes: Flexible work, gig economy jobs, and increased migration have made the workforce more dynamic and, some argue, less prone to overheating wage growth.
• RBA’s New Mandate: Since 2024, the RBA has adopted a dual mandate: targeting both inflation and full employment, reflecting a more nuanced approach to the trade-offs highlighted by the Phillips Curve.

The upshot? The relationship between unemployment and inflation has become far less predictable, with the curve itself appearing flatter in recent years. In practical terms, this means that low unemployment doesn’t always trigger runaway inflation, complicating the job for central bankers.

Real-World Implications: Policy, Pay Packets, and the Economic Outlook

For policymakers, the shifting Phillips Curve poses a dilemma: How hard should they lean on interest rates to curb inflation, if doing so risks unnecessary job losses? The RBA’s recent statements suggest a cautious approach—acknowledging that higher rates cool inflation, but also that supply-driven price shocks may not respond to tighter monetary policy.

For workers and employers, the story is equally complex. Wage growth in 2025 is running at about 4%, higher than pre-pandemic averages but not enough to fully offset cost-of-living increases for many households. Some sectors, like health and technology, are seeing stronger pay rises due to skill shortages, while others lag behind.

• Households face the twin challenges of rising prices and only modestly improving pay packets.
• Businesses must balance higher wage demands with the need to keep prices competitive.
• Investors watch central bank moves closely, as a misreading of the Phillips Curve could mean either over-tightening (risking recession) or under-tightening (entrenching inflation).

Looking Ahead: Is the Phillips Curve Dead or Just Different?

Most economists agree that the Phillips Curve isn’t dead—it’s just not as steep or reliable as it once was. In 2025, structural forces like globalisation, digitalisation, and demographic shifts are dampening the link between unemployment and inflation. The RBA and other central banks now rely on a broader set of indicators, including inflation expectations, productivity, and international trends, rather than the simple trade-off suggested by Phillips.

Ultimately, the Phillips Curve remains a valuable tool for understanding economic dynamics, but it’s no longer the sole guide for setting policy. For Australians, this means the path to stable prices and full employment will continue to require careful navigation—and a willingness to adapt as the economy evolves.