The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (ERTA) didn’t just shake up the tax code—it redrew the lines of American economic policy for a generation. Passed in the early days of the Reagan administration, ERTA’s sweeping tax cuts and supply-side philosophy became a blueprint for decades of fiscal debate. But what did it really do, how did it play out, and what can policymakers learn from its legacy in 2025?

The Road to ERTA: Inflation, Recession, and a New Economic Philosophy

By the late 1970s, the US economy was reeling from stagflation—high inflation paired with stagnant growth. The Carter years saw inflation spike to over 13%, while unemployment hovered around 7%. When Ronald Reagan took office in 1981, he championed a radical new approach: cut taxes dramatically to spur growth, investment, and productivity. This philosophy, dubbed ‘supply-side economics,’ aimed to incentivise work, saving, and investment by letting Americans keep more of their earnings.

Context: Interest rates hit 20% in 1980; mortgage rates soared; businesses faced high capital costs.
Political momentum: Reagan swept into office promising to ‘get government off your back’ and revive the American Dream.

ERTA in Action: What Changed?

Signed into law on August 13, 1981, ERTA was—at the time—the largest tax cut in US history. Here’s what it delivered:

Individual Income Tax Cuts: Slashed individual income tax rates across the board by 23% over three years. The top marginal rate dropped from 70% to 50%.
Accelerated Depreciation: Businesses could write off capital investments faster, boosting incentives to invest in new equipment and technology.
Estate and Gift Tax Relief: Raised the exemption and cut rates, reshaping wealth transfer planning.
Indexing for Inflation: For the first time, tax brackets would adjust for inflation from 1985, protecting earners from ‘bracket creep.’

Real-world impact: A young tech entrepreneur in 1981, for example, would see investment in equipment become cheaper, and have more after-tax income to reinvest in hiring or R&D. Families across the income spectrum saw their take-home pay rise, at least initially.

The Fallout: Growth, Deficits, and a Divided Verdict

Did ERTA work as advertised? The answer depends on where you stand—and which part of the 1980s you look at.

Economic Growth: After a deep recession in 1981–82, the US economy rebounded sharply. Real GDP grew by over 7% in 1984, and the jobless rate fell below 6% by 1987.
Federal Deficit: The flip side: federal revenues plunged, while military spending soared. The deficit ballooned from $74 billion in 1980 to over $200 billion by 1986. Debt as a share of GDP began a long upward climb.
Inequality: Critics point out that while everyone got a tax cut, the biggest benefits flowed to high earners. The wealth gap widened, a trend that continued into the 21st century.

Policy response: By 1982 and 1984, Congress had to roll back some of the cuts to stem the fiscal bleeding. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 later flattened rates further but closed many loopholes ERTA had opened.

ERTA’s Legacy in 2025: Lessons for Modern Australia

Why revisit ERTA in 2025? Because the debates it sparked—about the size of government, incentives for work and investment, and the cost of tax cuts—are as relevant as ever, especially as Australia weighs its own tax reforms and economic recovery strategies.

Growth vs. Deficits: ERTA shows that big tax cuts can fuel growth, but the cost to government coffers can be steep if spending isn’t curbed in tandem.
Distribution Matters: How tax cuts are structured affects who benefits most. Modern policymakers must weigh equity alongside efficiency.
Policy Fine-Tuning: Indexing for inflation and targeted business incentives (like instant asset write-offs) remain powerful tools—recently echoed in Australia’s own temporary full expensing provisions for SMEs.

In a world facing economic headwinds, ERTA’s story is a reminder: big ideas can transform economies, but the details—and trade-offs—matter. As Australia navigates its own tax policy debates in 2025, the lessons of 1981 are more than historical footnotes—they’re a roadmap and a warning.