Unlimited Tax Bonds in Australia: 2025 Guide & Policy Updates

As Australia ramps up its investment in public infrastructure in 2025, the concept of the ‘unlimited tax bond’ is gaining renewed attention. These bonds, long a staple in US municipal finance, are also becoming a key instrument for Australian councils and government entities seeking robust, flexible funding for major projects. But what exactly are unlimited tax bonds, and how do recent policy updates affect their use down under?

What Are Unlimited Tax Bonds?

Unlimited tax bonds are debt securities issued by a government entity—such as a city, council, or special-purpose authority—backed by the issuer’s ability to levy property taxes without a legal limit. This means the government can increase property tax rates as needed to ensure bondholders are repaid in full and on time. Unlike revenue bonds, which are repaid from specific project earnings, unlimited tax bonds rely on the full taxing power of the issuer, making them particularly attractive to investors seeking security and predictability.

• Security for Investors: With property taxes as collateral, the risk of default is perceived as low.

• Lower Borrowing Costs: Because of this security, issuers typically enjoy lower interest rates compared to other forms of borrowing.

• Flexible Funding: Unlimited tax bonds can finance everything from schools and hospitals to water infrastructure and renewable energy projects.

2025 Policy Updates and Regulatory Trends

Recent years have seen significant regulatory developments affecting how unlimited tax bonds are structured and approved in Australia. The 2025 federal budget introduced new oversight measures for local councils issuing large-scale debt, with the aim of increasing transparency and protecting taxpayers from unexpected rate hikes. Notable changes include:

• Mandatory Voter Approval: Councils seeking to issue unlimited tax bonds above $50 million must now conduct a public referendum, ensuring community buy-in for major projects.

• Debt Service Caps: New prudential guidelines restrict total annual debt service costs to a fixed percentage of council revenue, limiting the risk of over-leverage.

• Enhanced Disclosure: Issuers must provide detailed project plans, cost estimates, and repayment schedules to both rating agencies and the public.

For example, in March 2025, the City of Greater Geelong secured approval to issue $120 million in unlimited tax bonds for a regional hospital expansion, after 68% of local voters endorsed the plan. This demonstrates both the practical application of the new rules and the community’s willingness to support essential infrastructure—when given a clear say.

Benefits and Risks for Australian Taxpayers

Unlimited tax bonds offer clear benefits for communities and investors, but they are not without risks. Understanding both sides is crucial for councils and residents alike:

• Long-Term Funding Security: These bonds lock in low-cost capital for decades, enabling ambitious public works that might otherwise be unaffordable.

• Economic Stimulus: By enabling large-scale projects, unlimited tax bonds can create jobs and drive regional economic growth.

• Taxpayer Exposure: If project costs overrun or economic conditions sour, property owners may face substantial rate increases to cover repayment obligations.

To manage these risks, the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) is trialling a new “stress test” regime in 2025, requiring councils to model the impact of various economic downturn scenarios on their ability to service unlimited tax bond debt without excessive rate hikes.

Unlimited Tax Bonds in Practice: Recent Australian Examples

Several Australian jurisdictions are pioneering the use of unlimited tax bonds in 2025:

• Newcastle City Council: Issued $75 million in bonds to upgrade coastal defences, with repayments guaranteed by property rates and capped at 4% of annual council revenue.

• Sunshine Coast Regional Authority: Raised $60 million for solar farm expansion, using unlimited tax bonds to secure competitive financing after a community consultation process.

These examples highlight how, with transparent governance and robust community engagement, unlimited tax bonds can unlock transformative infrastructure while balancing fiscal responsibility.