Terms of Trade 2025: Australia’s Outlook & What It Means for You

Australia’s Terms of Trade (TOT) is a powerful economic indicator — but what does it actually mean for households, investors, and businesses in 2025? With commodity prices, global supply chains, and domestic policies all in flux, TOT is more than just a headline number. It’s a signal that flows through to exchange rates, inflation, wages, and even the price of your morning coffee.

What Are Terms of Trade, and Why Do They Matter?

In simple terms, the TOT measures the ratio of export prices to import prices. When our TOT rises, it means the prices Australia receives for its exports (think iron ore, coal, LNG, and agricultural goods) are increasing relative to the prices paid for imports (like electronics, cars, and fuel). A higher TOT boosts national income, while a falling TOT can signal tighter times ahead.

• Strong TOT: Indicates export prices are outpacing import prices — good news for national income and the budget.

• Weak TOT: Means Australia must export more to pay for the same amount of imports, often squeezing profits and the economy.

In 2025, Australia’s TOT has come off its record highs from the early 2020s but remains historically elevated due to resilient demand from Asian trading partners and a rebound in agricultural exports after recent climate swings.

2025 Update: What’s Moving Australia’s Terms of Trade?

This year, several big-picture trends are shaping the TOT:

• Commodity Prices Stabilise: Iron ore and LNG prices have settled after a turbulent 2022–23. China’s gradual economic recovery and new infrastructure projects in India are keeping demand steady.

• Energy Transition: The global pivot toward renewables is reshaping Australia’s export mix. Lithium and critical minerals exports are booming, while coal faces headwinds from decarbonisation policies both at home and abroad.

• Import Price Pressures: Ongoing supply chain challenges and a weaker Australian dollar have made imported goods pricier, especially electronics and vehicles.

• Policy Moves: The Australian government’s 2025 Federal Budget includes new support for value-added manufacturing and export diversification, aiming to reduce reliance on a few key commodities.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) reported in March 2025 that the TOT index was up 2.8% year-on-year, marking a modest rebound from late 2024, with agricultural exports leading the charge. However, analysts caution that further shifts in global demand or currency volatility could quickly change the outlook.

How TOT Flows Through to Your Wallet (and Investments)

So why should everyday Australians care about the TOT? Here’s how the numbers can affect you:

• Exchange Rate Impacts: A higher TOT typically supports the Aussie dollar, making overseas travel and imports cheaper. A dip in TOT can see the dollar fall, pushing up the price of imported goods.

• Inflation and Interest Rates: Changes in import costs can feed directly into inflation. If TOT weakens and the dollar drops, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) may face pressure to hike rates — impacting mortgage repayments and savings rates.

• Wages and Job Security: When export prices are strong, mining and agriculture jobs tend to be more secure, and wage growth can follow. Conversely, a TOT slump can see job cuts in export-heavy industries.

• Investment Markets: The share prices of major exporters (like BHP, Rio Tinto, and lithium producers) often move in line with TOT trends. Superannuation funds with large allocations to Australian equities may be indirectly exposed.

For example, the 2021–22 resources boom saw a surge in government revenues, delivering tax cuts and welfare boosts. In contrast, the 2015 TOT slump led to budget tightening and lower wage growth. In 2025, the impact is more nuanced — with the government using solid TOT to fund climate transition policies and regional infrastructure.

What to Watch: Risks and Opportunities Ahead

Looking forward, the TOT will be shaped by:

• Global Demand: Ongoing growth in Asia, especially India and Southeast Asia, will be crucial for Australian exports.

• Commodity Mix: The pace of the energy transition may see traditional exports like coal decline, while minerals for batteries and renewables take centre stage.

• Trade Policy Shifts: Australia’s new free trade agreements with the UK, India, and the EU (phased in through 2025) could open new markets and stabilise income streams.

• Climate and Geopolitics: Weather extremes and global tensions remain wild cards, potentially disrupting both export supply and demand.

Smart investors and households will keep an eye on TOT trends, as they often signal broader shifts in the economy before they show up in the headlines. Whether you’re planning a big overseas purchase, reviewing your investment mix, or tracking government policy, the TOT is a number worth watching in 2025.