Loss Given Default (LGD) Explained: 2025 Updates & Australian Impacts

Australia’s financial landscape is evolving rapidly in 2025, and understanding risk is more crucial than ever—whether you’re a homebuyer, property investor, or finance professional. One metric rising to prominence in this climate is Loss Given Default (LGD). But what is LGD, why does it matter, and how are the latest APRA reforms and market shifts affecting how lenders and investors use this figure?

What Is Loss Given Default (LGD)?

LGD measures the percentage of a loan’s value that a lender stands to lose if a borrower defaults, after accounting for any recoveries (like selling the underlying asset). It’s a key component of the broader credit risk equation, alongside Probability of Default (PD) and Exposure at Default (EAD).

• Formula: LGD = (Total Loss – Recoveries) / Exposure at Default

• Example: If a bank lends $500,000 for a home, and after repossession and sale recovers $400,000, the LGD is ($500,000 - $400,000) / $500,000 = 20%.

This percentage is crucial for banks’ risk management, loan pricing, and capital reserves, and is now increasingly relevant for investors and even everyday borrowers as regulatory scrutiny grows.

APRA’s 2025 Regulatory Updates: Why LGD Is in the Spotlight

The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) introduced significant updates to its capital adequacy standards in 2025, with a direct impact on how banks calculate and report LGD. The changes are part of a global move to strengthen the financial system against shocks and protect depositors.

• Stricter Capital Buffers: Banks must now hold extra capital against higher-LGD exposures, especially in commercial property and higher-risk mortgage segments.

• Standardised LGD Floors: APRA has set minimum LGD values for certain loan types—meaning even if a bank’s internal models suggest a lower risk, they must use APRA’s floor in their capital calculations.

• Data Transparency: There’s now more disclosure required around LGD calculations, recovery rates, and stress-testing assumptions—giving investors and analysts clearer insight into bank balance sheets.

What does this mean for you? Expect banks to be more selective with lending, especially in sectors where LGD is historically higher (think: new apartment developments or high-LVR home loans). Loan pricing may edge up as lenders factor in the cost of additional capital requirements.

LGD in Practice: Real-World Implications for Borrowers, Investors, and Lenders

Understanding LGD isn’t just for bankers. Here’s how it plays out across the finance spectrum in 2025:

• Home Loan Applicants: If you’re borrowing with a small deposit (high LVR), your loan is likely assigned a higher LGD by the bank—meaning higher interest rates, stricter approval criteria, or even lender’s mortgage insurance (LMI) requirements.

• Property Investors: Sectors with high historical LGD (e.g., off-the-plan apartments) may see tighter lending and lower leverage, as banks are wary of sluggish resale markets in a default scenario.

• Fixed-Income Investors: If you hold bank bonds or mortgage-backed securities, LGD assumptions directly affect the risk and yield of your investment. Watch for changes in prospectuses and credit ratings linked to APRA’s new guidelines.

• Small Business Owners: Business loans secured against specialised assets (like plant equipment) can attract higher LGD if resale markets are thin or volatile—impacting loan terms and costs.

Case in point: In early 2025, several regional lenders revised their lending criteria on commercial property loans, citing higher LGD assumptions due to softening valuations and longer asset disposal times. This led to reduced maximum loan sizes and, in some cases, tougher collateral requirements.

How to Use LGD Insights for Smarter Financial Decisions

Even if you’re not crunching risk-weighted assets for a living, LGD can be a powerful lens for making financial choices:

• Compare Loans: When choosing between lenders, ask about LGD assumptions and how they affect interest rates and approval odds—especially if your application isn’t ‘vanilla’.

• Assess Property Risks: If you’re buying property (for a home or investment), research local market liquidity. Areas with slow resale or high vacancy rates are more likely to attract higher LGDs—and costlier loans.

• Review Investment Risks: For fixed-income portfolios, look at LGD data in issuer disclosures and credit ratings. Higher LGD can mean higher yields, but also greater downside in a downturn.

In a world of rising rates and tighter credit, getting your head around LGD is a step towards financial resilience in 2025 and beyond.