Level 2 Assets in Australia: Definition, Examples & 2025 Updates

Australia’s financial sector is renowned for its strict regulatory framework and robust reporting standards. At the heart of these standards are the classifications of assets—especially the lesser-understood but vital ‘Level 2 assets’. As Australian banks and investment firms navigate an evolving regulatory landscape in 2025, understanding Level 2 assets is becoming more important than ever for both professionals and everyday investors.

What Are Level 2 Assets?

Level 2 assets are financial instruments whose fair value can’t be determined solely by quoted market prices (like Level 1 assets), but can be calculated using observable inputs other than direct prices. In other words, their value is derived from models using market data such as interest rates, credit spreads, or prices of similar assets. These assets are a key part of the fair value hierarchy defined under Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB 13) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS 13).

• Examples: Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, certain corporate bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and some structured products.

• Inputs: Market-observable data like benchmark yields, swap rates, or credit spreads.

Unlike Level 1 assets (publicly traded shares, government bonds), Level 2 assets require more sophisticated valuation techniques but are still more transparent than Level 3 assets, which rely on unobservable inputs and internal models.

Why Are Level 2 Assets Important in 2025?

Level 2 assets are significant for banks, super funds, and investors because they frequently make up a large portion of institutional portfolios. In 2025, several factors have heightened their relevance:

• APRA and Global Regulatory Updates: The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) continues to align with Basel III reforms. Under recent 2025 updates, banks must provide even greater transparency in how they value and risk-weight Level 2 assets, especially in stress testing and capital adequacy reporting.

• Rising Use of OTC Derivatives: Volatile interest rates and inflation have driven institutions toward more complex hedging strategies, increasing reliance on derivatives and structured products classified as Level 2 assets.

• ESG and Green Finance: Many new green bonds and sustainability-linked loans fall under Level 2 due to their bespoke terms and limited secondary market activity, making them a focus for both compliance and opportunity in 2025.

For example, a major Australian bank’s 2025 half-year report might disclose that 35% of its financial assets are classified as Level 2, compared with just 12% as Level 3. This difference highlights both the scale and the risk considerations involved.

How Are Level 2 Assets Valued and Reported?

Valuing Level 2 assets requires a blend of market data and valuation models. Here’s how the process typically works in Australian financial institutions:

• Gather Market Inputs: Obtain observable data such as swap curves, benchmark bond yields, or market prices of similar instruments.

• Apply Valuation Techniques: Use models like discounted cash flow (DCF), option pricing, or spread-based calculations.

• Regular Testing: Perform regular validation and back-testing to ensure model accuracy, in line with APRA’s 2025 guidance for model risk management.

Transparency is paramount. In 2025, AASB and APRA guidance require banks and super funds to provide detailed disclosures, including:

• Breakdown of assets by fair value hierarchy (Level 1, 2, and 3)

• Key assumptions and inputs used in valuations

• Sensitivity analysis showing how changes in inputs affect asset values

This level of detail is designed to boost investor confidence and support market stability, especially during periods of financial stress.

Real-World Examples and Practical Implications

Consider a superannuation fund managing a $10 billion portfolio in 2025. Roughly $4 billion may be in Level 2 assets, including:

• Semi-government bonds with thin trading volumes

• Interest rate swaps hedging inflation risk

• Structured notes linked to commercial property markets

If market volatility spikes, accurate valuation and transparent reporting of these assets become critical—not just for regulatory compliance, but for member confidence and liquidity management. For investors, understanding how Level 2 asset values are determined can inform smarter investment choices and risk assessments, especially when reviewing fund performance statements or prospectuses.

The Road Ahead: Trends to Watch

Looking forward, several trends are shaping the treatment of Level 2 assets in Australia:

• Digital Asset Integration: As tokenised bonds and blockchain-based financial products enter mainstream portfolios, expect more assets to be classified as Level 2 due to unique valuation challenges.

• Increased Scrutiny: With APRA’s 2025 focus on model risk, expect more frequent audits and possibly higher capital charges for poorly validated Level 2 assets.

• Tech-Driven Valuation: Institutions are investing in AI and advanced analytics to enhance pricing accuracy and speed for Level 2 portfolios.