Australia’s Hollowing Out: What It Means for Jobs, Growth & Your Money

Australia’s economic landscape is in the midst of a transformation—and not all of it is positive. The term ‘hollowing out’ has become a buzzword among economists, policymakers, and business leaders, capturing a worrying trend: the decline of middle-skill, middle-income jobs and the erosion of key industries. But what does this mean for everyday Australians, and how could it impact your career, investments, and community?

What Does ‘Hollowing Out’ Mean in 2025?

Hollowing out describes a process where an economy loses its ‘middle’—whether in jobs, industries, or even regions. It’s not about total decline, but a shift: high-end sectors (think tech, finance, health) and low-end roles (service, gig work) grow, while traditional middle-class jobs (manufacturing, admin, skilled trades) shrink. In 2025, this is no longer a distant theory.

• Manufacturing’s continued retreat: Despite the Albanese government’s $15 billion National Reconstruction Fund, many Australian manufacturers are struggling to compete with global supply chains and automation. Major closures—like the winding down of car manufacturing and textile plants—have accelerated in the past year.

• Regional disparities: Cities like Sydney and Melbourne attract high-skilled jobs, while regional towns face population loss and dwindling opportunity. The 2025 Intergenerational Report warned of persistent gaps in income and employment between urban and non-urban areas.

• Digital disruption: As AI and automation become standard, many routine roles are vanishing. New jobs are being created, but often demand advanced skills or degrees, leaving many workers behind.

How Hollowing Out Affects Everyday Australians

This economic shift has real-world consequences—some visible, others subtle. Here’s how the hollowing out is touching Australians in 2025:

• Wage stagnation for the middle: While top earners in tech, healthcare, and finance see their pay rise, wage growth for trades, admin, and manufacturing workers has flatlined. ABS wage data from early 2025 shows average wage growth of just 2.3% for middle-skill jobs, compared to 5.1% in high-skill sectors.

• Job security anxiety: Nearly 40% of Australians surveyed by the Grattan Institute in March 2025 reported concerns about job stability and the risk of redundancy, particularly in sectors affected by automation and offshoring.

• Property market ripples: Regions losing jobs are seeing softer property prices and rising vacancies, while inner-city areas with booming knowledge industries remain hot. For investors, this means a need to rethink location and sector risks.

Example: In Geelong, the closure of a major parts manufacturer in late 2024 led to 800 job losses, triggering a 6% drop in local rental yields and increased mortgage stress for affected families. Meanwhile, inner-Brisbane tech precincts recorded double-digit growth in both jobs and property values.

Policy Responses and Opportunities in a Hollowed-Out Economy

Governments and businesses aren’t sitting idle. In 2025, policy innovation and new investments are shaping how Australia responds to hollowing out:

• Skilling for the future: The 2025 federal budget expanded funding for TAFE and digital apprenticeships, with incentives for upskilling in AI, cybersecurity, and clean energy. Over 200,000 Australians are expected to benefit from subsidised retraining this year.

• Reviving regions: State governments are targeting regional revitalisation with infrastructure upgrades, tech hubs, and incentives for remote work. The NSW ‘ReNew Regions’ grant program is supporting over 50 towns to attract new industries and remote workers.

• Business pivots: Forward-thinking companies are automating routine work, but also investing in staff training and redeployment, recognising that talent retention is key in a skills-short market.

Opportunity: For individuals, the hollowing out trend highlights the value of lifelong learning, adaptability, and targeting growth sectors. For investors, it’s a time to look beyond the traditional and seek out regions, industries, and assets positioned to benefit from Australia’s evolving economy.

Conclusion: Navigating the New Middle

The hollowing out of Australia’s economy isn’t just a policy debate—it’s a lived reality for many. While some regions and workers face tough transitions, others are thriving. The winners will be those who adapt, reskill, and seize new opportunities in a rapidly changing landscape. Whether you’re managing your career, your investments, or your business, understanding this trend is essential for making smart decisions in 2025 and beyond.