The Glass Ceiling: What It Means, Its History, Effects & 2025 Examples

The phrase ‘glass ceiling’ still resonates in 2025, representing the unseen barriers that keep many Australians—especially women and minorities—from reaching top leadership positions. Despite decades of progress, the glass ceiling persists in subtle and overt ways, impacting earnings, career mobility, and workplace diversity. Let’s break down what the glass ceiling means, trace its roots, examine its ongoing effects, and spotlight some inspiring examples of change happening right now.

What is the Glass Ceiling? A Modern Definition

At its core, the glass ceiling describes invisible but powerful barriers that block certain groups from advancing to the highest ranks of business, government, or other organisations—regardless of qualifications or achievements. Originally coined in the 1980s to describe the obstacles women faced, the term now covers a broader spectrum, including barriers based on race, disability, sexuality, and age.

• Unwritten rules: These aren’t formal policies, but unspoken norms and biases that shape hiring and promotion decisions.

• Lack of representation: Few role models at the top perpetuate the cycle, making it harder for others to follow.

• Intersectionality: For many, the glass ceiling is doubly thick—think women of colour or people with disabilities facing compounded disadvantages.

Tracing the History: From Awareness to Action

The concept of the glass ceiling first gained traction in the US in the early 1980s, quickly spreading to Australia as research highlighted the underrepresentation of women in leadership. The 1985 Australian Federal Government’s landmark ‘Affirmative Action (Equal Employment Opportunity for Women) Act’ was a pivotal moment, mandating reporting and action on gender disparities. Yet, despite legislative progress, the metaphorical ceiling proved resilient.

Fast forward to 2025, and Australia’s Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA) continues to release data showing that women hold just under 30% of ASX200 executive roles, with even fewer from culturally diverse backgrounds. Policy milestones in the past five years include:

• 2021–2023: Major banks and listed companies required to report on gender pay gaps and board diversity.

• 2024: Introduction of mandatory parental leave policies for all employers with 50+ staff, aiming to level the playing field for working parents.

• 2025: Targeted government grants supporting leadership development for women in STEM and Indigenous Australians in business.

The Real-World Effects: Why the Glass Ceiling Still Matters

Despite progress, the glass ceiling continues to shape Australian workplaces. Here’s how:

• Pay Gaps: According to WGEA’s 2025 data, the gender pay gap sits at 12.8%—down from previous years, but still significant.

• Leadership Pipeline: Only 1 in 4 CEOs of large Australian companies are women, with even fewer from diverse backgrounds.

• Talent Drain: Many high-potential employees leave organisations or industries where advancement seems impossible, costing businesses millions in lost expertise.

The effects ripple beyond the boardroom. Studies show diverse leadership teams drive better financial results, improved innovation, and stronger employee engagement. The glass ceiling isn’t just a fairness issue—it’s a business imperative.

Breaking the Ceiling: Recent Examples and Positive Change

While challenges remain, 2025 has seen headline-making breakthroughs and inspiring stories:

• Susan Moylan-Coombs became the first Indigenous woman to chair a major ASX-listed company, setting a new benchmark for boardroom diversity.

• Rio Tinto announced its executive committee is now 50% female, after a multi-year leadership pipeline initiative.

• Tech sector surge: In 2025, government-backed accelerator programs have doubled the number of female-founded startups securing Series A funding compared to 2020.

• Disability inclusion: National Australia Bank appointed its first executive with a visible disability, following a revamped inclusion strategy.

These changes are the result of policy, persistent advocacy, and shifting corporate culture. But as new generations enter the workforce, expectations for fairness and transparency are higher than ever.

The Road Ahead: Smashing the Glass for Good

The glass ceiling may be cracking, but it hasn’t disappeared. Continued progress will depend on sustained commitment—from better parental leave and flexible work policies, to transparent promotion criteria and robust anti-bias training. The momentum in 2025 is encouraging, but there’s still plenty of ceiling to shatter.