Form 4952: 2025 Investment Interest Deductions Guide

As Australians diversify their portfolios with global shares, ETFs, and property, understanding the nuances of international tax forms is more relevant than ever. For those with U.S. investments, Form 4952 plays a significant role in managing and optimising tax outcomes, especially as 2025 brings new policy shifts and increased ATO scrutiny on foreign income disclosures.

What Is Form 4952 and Who Needs It?

Form 4952 is a U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) document used to figure out how much investment interest expense an individual, estate, or trust can deduct in a given tax year. While this form is primarily for U.S. taxpayers, it becomes relevant for Australians who:

• Hold shares or property in the U.S. or receive investment income subject to U.S. tax

• Borrow to invest in U.S.-listed ETFs, REITs, or shares

• File a U.S. tax return as a dual citizen or green card holder

In Australia, interest on funds borrowed to purchase income-producing investments is typically tax-deductible. However, when investing internationally—especially in the U.S.—the interplay between ATO and IRS rules can be complex. Using Form 4952 correctly ensures you’re claiming the maximum allowable deduction and not running afoul of double taxation agreements.

2025 Policy Updates: What’s Changed?

The 2025 tax year has seen several changes that impact investment interest deductions for Australians with U.S. assets:

• Enhanced Data Sharing: The ATO and IRS have increased their cross-border data sharing under the FATCA agreement, meaning more scrutiny on overseas investments and deductions claimed.

• Interest Rate Volatility: With global rates fluctuating, the deductible amount of interest can shift significantly, affecting both U.S. and Australian tax returns.

• ATO Guidance: The ATO’s updated 2025 guidance clarifies that if you claim a deduction for investment interest on your Australian return, you must have appropriate substantiation—especially if also claiming under U.S. rules.

For example, if you borrowed AUD $50,000 to buy U.S. shares and paid $3,000 in interest in FY2025, you may need to apportion your deduction between your Australian and U.S. returns, reporting the figures on Form 4952 for the IRS and as part of your investment interest deductions with the ATO.

Filling Out Form 4952: A Step-by-Step Guide

Properly completing Form 4952 helps ensure you’re not missing out on deductions or risking an audit. Here’s a breakdown:

• Calculate Total Investment Interest: Add up all the interest paid on loans used to buy income-producing investments (excluding property used for personal purposes).

• Determine Net Investment Income: This is your total investment income (dividends, interest, rents, royalties) minus investment expenses (other than interest). Australian franking credits and imputation credits do not count for U.S. purposes.

• Apply Limitations: The deduction for investment interest is limited to your net investment income. Any disallowed interest can be carried forward to future years.

• Report Carryforwards: If you couldn’t claim all your interest last year, carry it forward and include it in the calculation.

Real-world example: Sarah, a Melbourne-based investor, took out a margin loan to buy shares in several U.S. tech firms. After calculating her net investment income and expenses, she finds that only $2,000 of her $3,000 interest paid is deductible on her 2025 U.S. return; the remaining $1,000 is carried forward to 2026.

Australian Tax Implications and Best Practices

Australians must ensure consistency between their ATO and IRS filings. The ATO expects clear documentation if you claim interest deductions on overseas investments. Here are some best practices for 2025:

• Keep detailed records of all interest paid, including loan agreements, bank statements, and brokerage reports.

• Apportion deductions correctly if your loan supports both Australian and foreign investments.

• Declare all foreign income and deductions transparently to both the ATO and IRS to avoid penalties.

• Monitor policy updates—both the ATO and IRS frequently revise guidance on allowable deductions and cross-border reporting.

Conclusion

Form 4952 is more than just paperwork—it’s a crucial tool for Australians with U.S. investments to optimise their tax positions. With 2025’s focus on compliance, transparency, and accurate cross-border reporting, understanding this form could mean the difference between a smooth return and a costly audit. Stay proactive, keep your records sharp, and make the most of every deduction available.