Australia stands at an economic crossroads in 2025. With persistent cost-of-living pressures, widening inequality, and a changing global landscape, the nation’s policy debate is heating up. Some experts are calling for a transformative approach reminiscent of the US ‘Great Society’—the ambitious suite of social programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s. But could such an expansive vision work down under?
What Was the ‘Great Society’—and Why Does It Matter in 2025?
The original Great Society was a defining moment in American history. It delivered Medicare, expanded education funding, launched the War on Poverty, and tackled civil rights. Its legacy is debated, but the aim was clear: lift people out of poverty, invest in human capital, and ensure economic opportunity for all.
In Australia, echoes of this vision have surfaced throughout our history—think Medicare, HECS for university students, and the NDIS. Yet, as the Albanese government looks to the next decade, the question is whether incremental tweaks are enough, or if a bold, integrated policy push is needed to address deep-rooted issues like housing affordability, intergenerational inequality, and declining social mobility.
Modern Challenges: Why Australia Needs Big Ideas
- Stagnant Wages and Cost-of-Living: Real wages have struggled to keep pace with inflation, despite recent minimum wage hikes. Renters are spending over 30% of income on housing in major cities, and mortgage stress is at a decade high.
- Health and Aged Care: With Australia’s population ageing rapidly, Medicare and aged care funding are under strain. The 2025 Federal Budget committed an extra $8 billion to health and aged care, but sector leaders warn this won’t be enough without systemic reform.
- Education and Skills: The Jobs and Skills Australia 2025 report highlights a mismatch between skills supply and demand, especially in healthcare, tech, and green industries. The government’s new Fee-Free TAFE expansion is promising, but structural barriers persist for disadvantaged Australians.
- Climate and Infrastructure: The transition to net zero is accelerating. The 2025 National Energy Transition Plan earmarks $20 billion for renewables and transmission upgrades, aiming to create jobs while cutting emissions, but critics say much more is needed to future-proof communities.
What Would a ‘Great Society’ for Australia Look Like?
Rather than piecemeal reforms, a contemporary Great Society would take a holistic, cross-portfolio approach. Here’s what experts and advocacy groups are proposing:
- Universal Childcare: Expanding on the 2023 Cheaper Childcare reforms, universal access could boost workforce participation and child development, with Treasury modelling suggesting a $7 return for every $1 invested.
- Guaranteed Minimum Income: Pilots overseas (like Spain’s basic income) are influencing calls for a minimum income floor in Australia, to replace or complement JobSeeker and simplify the safety net.
- Public Housing Surge: The 2025 Housing Accord pledges 40,000 new social and affordable homes by 2030, but housing advocates are pushing for a ten-year, 250,000-home public build to address the chronic shortage.
- Health and Mental Health Expansion: With mental health presentations up 30% since 2020, calls are growing for Medicare-funded psychology and bulk-billed GP mental health consults as a right, not a privilege.
- Green Jobs and Regional Investment: Leveraging the $20 billion National Reconstruction Fund, a Great Society approach would prioritise job creation in renewables, manufacturing, and care sectors—especially in regional areas hit by industry change.
Real-world example: The 2025 Western Sydney Social Impact Bond, a $500 million public-private partnership, is funding early intervention for at-risk youth, blending social outcomes with financial returns. Similar models could underpin a modern Great Society agenda.
Can Australia Afford Ambition?
Some critics say big social investment is unaffordable in a time of budget repair. However, recent analysis by the Grattan Institute and the Parliamentary Budget Office suggests Australia’s tax-to-GDP ratio remains below the OECD average. Proposals for modest tax reform—such as closing super tax loopholes, boosting resource royalties, and introducing a windfall profits tax—could fund much of the agenda without broad-based tax hikes.
Crucially, economists warn the cost of inaction is high. Productivity growth has stalled, inequality is rising, and entrenched disadvantage is costing billions in lost output and increased health and justice spending.
The Road Ahead: Vision, Pragmatism, and Political Will
Australia’s social contract is at a tipping point. As the 2025 Intergenerational Report makes clear, demographic and economic headwinds are intensifying. Whether a Great Society-style vision becomes reality will depend on political courage, cross-sector collaboration, and a willingness to invest in people and communities for the long haul.
History shows that bold policy can reshape a nation’s destiny. The question is: will Australia seize the moment?
